Essay Corporate Finance - 1613 Words

Why is corporate finance important to all managers? Corporate finance is a specific area of finance dealing with the financial decisions corporations make and the tools as well as analyses used to make these decisions. The primary goal of corporate finance is to enhance corporate value, without taking excessive financial risks. A corporations managements primary responsibility is to maximize the shareholders wealth which translates to stock price maximization. Corporate finance provides the skills managers need in order to: ï  ¬ Identify and select the corporate strategies and individual projects that add value to their firm- Capital Budgeting ï  ¬ Forecast the funding requirements of their company, and devise strategies for†¦show more content†¦In practice business operations are financed by the owners, but sometimes businesses are financed by venture capital firms. Venture capital is capital typically provided by outside investors for financing of new, growing or stagnating businesses. They are characterized as risky investments. Before developing a final product, venture capitalists do not invest into business. In the first stage the financing venture has finally launched and achieved initial traction. Sales are trading upwards. The funding from this stage is used to fuel the sales, reach the breakeven point, increase productivity, and cut unit costs. At this point the company is two or three years old. This is the stage when the venture capitalists get into business. At second stage of financing, sales are starting to grow rapidly. The company is also rapidly accumulating accounts receivable and inventory. Capital from this stage is used for funding expansion in all its forms from meeting increasing marketing expenses to entering new markets to finance rapidly increasing accounts receivable. At third stage sales are climbing. Customers are happy. The second level of managers is in place. Money from this financing is used for increasing capacity, marketing, working capital, and product improvement or expansion. After this stage company is at Mezzanine or Bridge financing point when investment bankers agreedShow MoreRelatedCorporate Finance Notes1881 Words   |  8 PagesStudy notes By Zhipeng Yan Corporate Finance Stephen A. Ross, Randolph W. Westerfield, Jeffrey Jaffe Chapter 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance ..................................................................... 2 Chapter 2 Accounting Statements and Cash Flow.............................................................. 3 Chapter 3 Financial Markets and NPV: First Principles of Finance................................... 6 Chapter 4 Net Present Value....................................Read MoreNotes for Corporate Finance2082 Words   |  9 PagesCorporate Finance Notes * Chapter One: Introduce to Corporate Finance 1. Three Questions: A. What Long-term asset should be invested? Capital Budgeting B. How to raise cash for capital expenditures? Capital Structure C. How to manage short-term cash flow? Net Working Capital 2. Capital Structure: Marketing Value of Firm = MV of Debt + MV of Equity 3. Finance perspect and Accountant perspect: Finance: Cash Flow ! Accountant: A/R means profit ! 4. Sole proprietorshipRead MoreCorporate Finance69408 Words   |  278 PagesCorporate finance P. Frantz, R. Payne, J. Favilukis FN3092, 2790092 2011 Undergraduate study in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences This subject guide is for a Level 3 course (also known as a ‘300 course’) offered as part of the University of London International Programmes in Economics, Management, Finance and the Social Sciences. This is equivalent to Level 6 within the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (FHEQ). For moreRead MoreCorporate Finance4881 Words   |  20 PagesTrends of Leverage 7 2.3 Comparison of capital structure with similar companies 9 2.4 Capital expenditures and its financing 10 2.5 Important factors influencing the use of debt financing 10 2.5.1 Tax Advantage 10 2.5.2 Corporate Tax Rate 11 2.5.3 Credit rating 11 2.5.4 Interest rate 11 2.5.5 Company’s Industry 12 2.5.6 Company’s growth rate 12 2.5.7 Some other arguments about Harvey Norman 12 2.6 Evidence of financial distress 13 Read MoreCorporate Finance1421 Words   |  6 Pagesoperating earnings of the firm. The capitalization is to be made at a rate appropriate to the risk class of the firm. Growth Plans, are involved in capital structural theories in which a certain amount will be allocated for the growth plans. A finance manager should draw a plan according for the dividend policy. For Example: The firm has $10 million as equity capital and $6 million as debt capital and the firm made a profit (after tax) of $2 million, and the fund allocated to the growth plan wasRead MoreCorporate Finance - Concept Questions12247 Words   |  49 Pagesquestions of corporate finance? a. Investment decision (capital budgeting): What long-term investment strategy should a firm adopt? b. Financing decision (capital structure): How much cash must be raised for the required investments? c. Short-term finance decision (working capital): How much short-term cash flow does company need to pay its bills. ( Describe capital structure. Capital structure is the mix of different securities used to finance a firms investmentsRead MoreFundamentals of Corporate Finance 9e82683 Words   |  331 Pageshttp://helpyoustudy.info Chapter 01 - Introduction to Corporate Finance Chapter 01 Introduction to Corporate Finance Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following terms is defined as the management of a firm s long-term investments? A. working capital management B. financial allocation C. agency cost analysis D. capital budgeting E. capital structure Refer to section 1.1 AACSB: N/A Difficulty: Basic Learning Objective: 1-1 Section: 1.1 Topic: Capital budgeting Read MoreCorporate Business Finance 7343 Words   |  30 PagesCorporate Business Finance Seminar 5 Project Finance Lauren Leigh Essaram 207507339 Ruvimbo Mukorera 206525531 27 September 2010 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the duly performed requirement of International Business Finance, School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal Abstract Non-recourse financing has grown in popularity, especially in developing countries. It has done so more specifically in the basic infrastructure, natural resources and also in the energyRead MoreAdvanced Corporate Finance4303 Words   |  18 PagesUniversity of Puget Sound School of Business and Leadership BUS 434 Advanced Corporate Finance Professor Alva Wright Butcher Tues-Thurs 11:00-12:20 McIntyre 107 Spring Semester 2012 Office: McIntyre 111 I Phone: 253-879-3349 FAX: 253-879-3156 Office Hours: T-Th: 1:00-1:50 Wed: 9:30-10:30 And by appointment Note that I am always willing to schedule additional office hours by appointment. I check email frequently, so that is also a goodRead MoreCorporate Finance Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Finance Essay Most corporate financing decisions in practice reduce to a choice between debt and equity. The finance manager wishing to fund a new project, but reluctant to cut dividends or to make a rights issue, which leads to the decision of borrowing options. The issue with regards to shareholder objectives being met by the management in making financing decisions has come to become a major issue of recent times. This relates to understanding the concept of the agency problem. It deals

The Decline Of The Twentieth Century - 1156 Words

1. Introduction One of the major medical achievements of the twentieth century was the dramatic increase in the average global life expectancy. In 1950, the global median age was 23.6 years; by the year 2000, it rose to 26.4 – a gain of three years. The United Nations has projected that by the year 2050, the median age will jump to 37 years – a ten-year gain (Kochhar, 2014). People are living longer. At the same time, people are having fewer children. The consequence will be a situation without precedent: by the year 2020, there will be more of people over 65 years of age than children. World Health Organization (WHO) and many of the developed as well as developing nations are raising questions such as  ¬ Will longer lives result in longer periods of good health, longer periods of productive careers and social engagements, or will old age mean prolonged illness, disability, and dependency on family and the State. How will the healthcare and social costs be borne by high-income and lo w-income nations? Managing the demographic forces will require creation of institutions and infrastructures that may seem costly; waiting could be costlier (Dobrianskt, Suzman and Beard 2011). The first part of the paper describes the projected changes in the population and the attitudes towards aging and coping with aging-related issues. An aging population, without appropriate policies, can become an economic and social burden in many of the European countries. The second section describes someShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Early Twentieth Century2289 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The early twentieth century saw a gradual shift in the way Americans desired to care for struggling single mothers. The well-being of poverty stricken mothers, and their offspring became a social responsibility for the first time. Americans wanted to ensure that they were protected, and constant advocation to improve upon nineteenth century poor laws that favored separating families reached the White House in 1909. Incited by the peoples demands President Theodore Roosevelt called aRead MoreThe Decline Of The Nineteenth And Twentieth Century1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe nineteenth and twentieth century were very devastating times in the world not just for North America, but also in Europe politically and economically. This has been very devastating times in this world not just on North America, but also in Europe politically and economically. During the nineteenth-twenty’s, the economic crisis was hitting hard. Trade barriers and devaluing currencies were the only way the go vernment had of protecting themselves. International trade and free trade among countriesRead MoreThe Contribution of the Discoveries and Theories of Charles Darwin in the Nineteenth Century to the Decline of Religious Belief in the Twentieth Centu586 Words   |  3 PagesThe Contribution of the Discoveries and Theories of Charles Darwin in the Nineteenth Century to the Decline of Religious Belief in the Twentieth Century In Victorian England, people wanted answers. Explanations for unusual natural events were becoming unbelievable in an increasingly educated time, and these religious and supernatural explanations were doubted by many. People needed a sensible explanation for life and mans existence. Charles Darwin provided a possible answerRead MoreWilliam Carlos Williams s The Twentieth Century833 Words   |  4 Pages The early twentieth century in the United States was a time of rapid change combined with rapid loss. As new technologies designed to improve everyday living became available to people across the nation, a new culture was rising in America: a culture that both afforded comfort and thrived on capitalism. There were many critics of this new America, including poets Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. The aforementioned poets reflected on a fast changing America through exploitation. As an AmericanRead MoreExamining the View that the Traditional Nuclear Family is in Decline1344 Words   |  6 PagesExamining the View that the Traditional Nuclear Family is in Decline When evaluating the view that the traditional nuclear family (of two opposite sex married parents living in a household that contains only them and their own dependant children), is in decline, I will be taking various pieces of research and evidence from Sociologists, Journalists and other sources, into consideration in order to try to determine how true this view is. The nuclear family would appear toRead MoreEssay on Is Western Civilization in a State of Decline?756 Words   |  4 Pagesthe century was spent under conflict and unsettled disputes. Later the Soviet Union broke down and divided into separate republics, giving freedom to the West. But this liberation led to uncertainties for the West’s future leadership. Many issues arose questioning whether the change will decrease the danger or will the West be able to maintain the position in world’s affairs during the millennium? Will the twenty-first century be more peaceful and have productive outcomes than the twentieth centuryRead MoreWorld Superpower Rankings : The United Kingdom And Japan Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pageson the magnitude influence that stretches beyond their terrains. However, what sort of considerations, measures, weightings and criteria is used in these rankings? What exactly contributes to a country being ranked as a sup erpower in our current century? Some experts assert that a mixture of several factors comprising the vastness of a nation’s military resources, economical might, political influence and human resource intensity. Most commonly, military power often takes the first considerationRead MoreBooks Are Humanity in Print Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterialistic court; and, modern literary classics depict worlds of which the human race is ruled by technology. From ancient Greek mythology to the next big literary classic, the era in which a work is written reflects the period in which it was penned. Centuries before the introduction of the printing press and written history, historical events were passed down through oral accounts to which people could take artistic liberties without a soul knowing. Spanning six-hundred years, the Anglo-Saxon period isRead MoreProblems Associated With Geography And Economic Development Across Countries1431 Words   |  6 PagesDo you agree that twentieth century divergence in economic development across countries was largely the result of geographic factors? The traditional view associated with geography and economic development across countries is that distance has played a huge role in creating disparities in terms of location . However, this interpretation is questioned by some who note that the failure of developing economies can be attributed to the persistent problem of institutional failure, which prevents individualsRead MoreEssay on The Growing Economic Crisis of the Late Nineteenth Century1068 Words   |  5 PagesAPUSH Document Analysis and Questions Packet The Growing Economic Crisis of the Late Nineteenth Century Part A. 1. What did John D. Rockefeller believe was the key to stabilizing the oil industry? 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Mark Bittman Man v. Meat Free Essays

As the spokesperson In the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What’s wrong with what we eat, Blatant expresses his once about negative ecological and health impacts of our current food regimen. He describes our modern diet as, â€Å"overwhelmingly meat-centered and hooked on fast food† (TED). Meat’s role In our society is massive, and knowing more about it is crucial. We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Bittman: Man v. Meat or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Batman delivers the â€Å"stinging condemnation† of the way we eat now, and many worldwide were listening. Mark Batman’s argument, on how eating as much meat and Junk food as we do is negatively affecting the health of our planet and ourselves, is accurate and credible, because of his extensive background in the food Industry and the valid evidence that ties his claim altogether. What Is It about Mark Bellman’s great background In the food Industry that makes his argument even more so probable? Well, throughout his career, he has won several awards from the James Beard Foundation and the International Association of Culinary Professionals for his writing and his television series, Batman Takes on America’s Chefs. The Beard Awards are the highest honor for food and beverage professionals working In North America. † (lames Beard Foundation) Mark Batman was recognized, for being a culinary professional who had shown excellence and achievement in his field. The CAP Cookbook Awards honor the authors, publishers, and other contributors behind the best of cookbooks pub lished each year† (CAP). Due to this acknowledgement, Blatant now holds â€Å"a coveted mark of distinction† (CAP). According to, the highly awarded journalist and author, Michael Pollen, Mark Batman is one of â€Å"The World’s 7 Most Powerful Bodies,† an honor that Batman shared with First Lady Michelle Obama (EGG). In order for Batman to get where he Is currently, he had to work hard and lobby for his position. In 201 2, he was the only regularly-appearing opinion penman in a leading newspaper in the united States, writing rather much exclusively about food, for the most prime paper in the country and one of the most major papers in the world (ICE, 2012). Evidently, due to the outstanding highlights of Mark Batman’s food career, he Is a credible source. 1 OF 7 it is now time to take a look at the research that completely ties the claims that he makes together. Other than in the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What is wrong with what we eat, in an interview with the Institute of Culinary Education, the â€Å"food columnist† continually argues that eating meat is a big problem for the food system. Batman lams that, â€Å"If we had stricter laws on the treatment of animals, and better controls on the use of antibiotics in animals, better waste disposal systems, better environmental controls, it would make meat much more expensive, and if we made meat much more expensive, then sustainable meat and meat raised non-industrially would be more competitively priced† (ICE, 2012). As a result, of higher meat prices, meat consumption rates would decrease. By consuming less meat, the generation of the world’s greenhouse gases would also decrease, (Batman, 2008) because eating meat is what is â€Å"destroying our environment† (PETA). Although PETA is a bias source, this statement can easily be proven as correct. Validated through research, what we eat contributes â€Å"more greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO), methane, nitrous oxide, and the like to spew into the atmosphere than either transportation or industry’ (Filial, 2009). Many underestimate the importance of eating less meat, over half of the carbon footprint of the average American diet comes from animal products (Take Extinction off of Your Plate). While watching the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What’s wrong with what we eat, I was shocked how big of an impact eating eat has on the Earth and the people who inhabit it. When Batman mentioned that meat was more of a concern than transportation, I started to think back to the time when many CEO-friendly people would bike or walk places instead of spreading around â€Å"car pollution. † They, like my past self, had no idea that eating less meat does more than not driving a car. Mark Batman’s claim within his concern is accurate, because of the various studies of the negative impacts of meat consumption on our environment. Logically, if eating meat affects something as big as the Earth, it would have a bigger effect on our overall being as well. To back up Mark Batman’s claim about how we should have â€Å"better controls on the use of antibiotics in animals†, science-writing intern Cassandra Brooks states that, â€Å"the administration of antibiotics causes health problems, so much so that it can result in antibiotic-resistant bacteria that threaten the usefulness of medicines that treat people. † That must be one of the key reasons why meat eaters experience more health problems. â€Å"Harvard studies showed that daily meat eaters have approximately three times the colon cancer risk, compared to those who rarely eat meat. † Eating meat encourages the growth of cancer, (The Physicians Committee) while plant-based diets promotes a healthy lifestyle that reduces such negative health impacts (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Diets that are rich in fiber, such as a Vegetarian diet, speeds the passage of food through the colon, effectively removing carcinogens, changing the type of bacteria that is present in the intestine, so that there is a reduced production of carcinogenic secondary bile acids. Anti-cancer compounds. Those reasons explain why, vegetarians are at the lowest risk for cancer and have a significantly reduced risk compared to meat-eaters (The Physicians Committee). According to new research in Austrian vegetarians, â€Å"Many people who go vegetarian do so because they are experiencing health problems† (Messing, 2014). Eating meat as we do is killing us, and according to Dry. Frank Huh, co-author of a new Harvard study on the topic, what is new â€Å"is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption. † The magnitude for processed meat is even greater than that. The Harvard study concluded that one serving of red meat a day increases the risk of early death by 13 percent. The same single daily serving of processed meat (like bacon or hot dog) increases that risk by 20 percent. And â€Å"one serving† means that little deck-of-cards sized lump that doesn’t satisfy anyone over the age of 10. Huh acknowledged that â€Å"it’s not really surprising because red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. What is surprising is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption† (Hoffman, 2014). There are both pros and cons when it comes to eating or not eating meat, but the cons of not eating meat are easier to fix than the health related problems that come with eating meat. Eating less or no meat requires change, real change that involves having a clear understanding of meat’s critical role in our lives. Just knowing how negative the impacts of eating meat are to the overall health of each person and the evidence that proves it, Mark Batman’s claim stands true. Real change in the right direction something that Mark Batman predicts will eventually occur and he believes that his solution to tax Junk food will enable that. The money that comes from taxing Junk food, would be used to subsidize public health measures like making fruits and vegetables less expensive and more widely accessible. Batman compares this change in food to, great strides for minorities, the establishment of Medicare, and tremendous strides for women. By regulating Cafes Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and taxing Junk, Batman presumes that change is going to happen, and assumes that we are Just too impatient. He believes that the change that we want to see is not coming as quickly as we would like it to, and the thing that we need to realize is that real change is a slow process (Ottawa). It took over 20 years, in order to revise nutrition labels. That revision had a â€Å"dramatic effect on what people choose to eat and drink and what products sell in permeates† (Museum Chaw and Thompson). With this improvement, people felt less defeated, now that they had a clearer understanding of the labels and could differentiate between items such as sugars, natural and added. We need to educate the lost by, discouraging the consumption of bad food and encouraging the consumption of good food (Batman, 2012). Previously, before label and other food changes, consumers would Just eat items without knowing what they Just ate. Due to their lack of understanding and the companies’ lack of clarification, people would eat more than they needed, resulting in an unhealthy body weight. As someone who likes labels, especially when I am trying to stick to a healthy diet. To avoid the defeat, I would have to do the majority of my cooking at home, homemade. Due to the validated knowledge that has been brought to my attention, I believe that Mark Batman’s argument is solid. In Mark Batman’s Ted Talk he helps the viewers understand the importance of home cooking and how straying away from it might seem easy, but not at all as healthy as actually knowing what they are eating. Batman states that, â€Å"It is really important to be a home cook,† and informs us that throughout history we have lost that concept. Between the years of 1950-2000, many were sucked into the idea of convenience and the quality of home cooked meals â€Å"was down the tubes† (Batman, 2012) Fewer meals consisted of home cooked breads, desserts and soups, because it all could be purchased at any store. In the ass, women began to enter the workforce, and due to a lack of time and patience, they brought home store bought meals for their families. Home cooking was in a bad state, due to the appealing contents in convenient foods (Batman, 2007). In order for healthy home cooked meals to recycle back up the food chain, â€Å"We need to start acting. We need to start eating and cooking with less meat. Instead of going for meat, go for healthier proteins, such as nuts. â€Å"The time has come to stop raising them industrially and stop eating them thoughtlessly’ (Batman. 2007). We need to start considering the piece of ham on our breakfast plates, and where it came from before it lands on our grocery store shelves (Brooks). Knowing that eating meat is hazardous, makes me not regret my choice of becoming a vegetarian. This knowledge is not something that should be kept to myself. I feel safe, and feel as if it is my moral obligation to inform meat eaters of the deadly consequences that they redundantly face, like Mark Batman does. I would gladly recommend meat eaters, especially those who do it excessively and thoughtlessly, to watch the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What’s wrong with what we eat. His talk is based off of research that has been done by credible sources such as Batman himself, and I am in agreement with his valid claim. How to cite Mark Bittman: Man v. Meat, Papers

Effects of CO2 and H2O Mixture-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Quetion: Discuss about the Clean coal technology: Effects of CO2 and H2O mixture on intensified gasification of residual carbon in partially gasified char. Answer: Introduction Coal is one of the major fuels which have been used for long in different sectors. Coal is a product of carbon and its gasification is divided into two different steps of coal pyrolyzation and char gasification (Zhou et al. 2006, p.13). Gasification process involves water evaporation and therefore carbon dioxide and water vapor has great effects in gasification of carbon residue in order to produce clean energy. The clean coal technology is able to involve gasification of coal with syugas. Carbon is able to react with carbon dioxide and water to produce different products. When coal is heated, it produced char and after gasification, char residue is produced. Char is a combination of carbon and ash (Malekshahian Hill 2011, p.22). In addition, coal is able to occur at different stages and this is able to affect its gasification process. Some of the key parameters which are able to change during gasification process include the temperature, carbon particles, ash content and char. Thes e factors are able to depend on the amount of carbon dioxide and water allowed during the gasification process of the coal. During the gasification, coal is able to pass through the fixed bed, entrance bed and lastly the fluid bed. CO is reacted with hydrogen gas in presence of oxygen in order to produce CO2 and water. The produced char, which is coal, is able to react with carbon dioxide to produce CO and with water to produce CO and hydrogen gas (Jeong, Park, Hwang 2014, p.31). Therefore the mixture of carbon dioxide and water are able to affect the gasification process and residue of carbon. In this project, different materials were investigated. Chinese coal, Shenmu and Tejing were used in the analysis of the effect of water and carbon dioxide in the gasification process. The composition of the two coals will be made in this report. In addition, effects of carbon dioxide and water during the gasification process will be key in this project (Hou et al. 2014, p.45). Carbon is usu ally in residue form. Changing the temperature is able to affect the results of the ash produced in different cases. This report and project will analyze the different products of ash which are produced in the different coal types. Aim To determine the effects of carbon dioxide and water on the residue of carbon in the gasification process through analysis of the different changes of parameters. Objectives The project will also analyze the different factors change when the CO2and water are used in the gasification process. To investigate the effect of increased temperature on the gasification process of coal To investigate the amount of ash produced when different amount of carbon dioxide and water are used To analyze the ash composition in the two different types of coals used Scope This project will focus on the different effects which are achieved during the gasification process of coal. Increasing temperature during the process has some key effects. Water and carbon dioxide are able to play important roles in this process and increase temperature affects their functionality. In addition, this experiment will be able to investigate the different products which are produced during the process. Changing the conditions and key parameters will as well affect the amount of products which are produced. These include the ash and char (Deng, Luo, Zhang Wang 2012). Gasification process is highly affected by the increase of temperatures and this project will investigate the way different products are able to change when the temperature is changed within the process. This project will highly investigate the effect of heat increase on the production of the different products. The heat change is able to affect the reactivity rate of the coal and present reactants (Bai et al. 2014). Materials: The major materials which will be used in this project include the typical Chinese coal: Shenmu and Tejing, will be employed in this work. The proximate and ultimate analyses and ash composition of these two coals are as follows: Mad Ad Vdaf Fcad Industrial Analyze (%) of Shenmu coal: 6.62 5.08 33.04 59.35 Industrial Analyze (%) of Tejing coal 5.41 13.63 43.48 46.18 Description Ash produced is able to compose of different compositions of materials. The results depend on the different coal type which is analyzed in each status (Lahijani, Zzinal, Mohamed Mohammadi 2013). Shenmu Coal and Tejing coal are able to produce different ashes with different characteristics and compositions of the products. Addition amount of water in the process and CO2 is able to affect the ash composition produced in the process. The analysis will be able to find the different effects which are achieved when the carbon dioxide and water are exposed in different temperatures during the gasification process. Ash is one of the key products which are produced during the gasification process of coal. This experiment will be able to analyze the ash composition in coal. To achieve the result in this project, gas flow controller will be utilized. Gas cylinders will be used to create the high temperature furnace (Gao, Vejahati, Katalambula Gupta 2010). In addition, reaction tubes will be used to ensure that the gasification of coal is controlled and not highly affected by external conditions. Gas anatuper will be as well be used in the process. Factors are investigated Temperature (?): 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150; Particle size (um): 100~250, 250~500, 500~600, 600~1000, 1000~1500; Ash content (%): 10, 30, 50, 70, 90; Char: Graphite, Shenmu, Tejing; Gas flow rate (NL/h): 1; Gasification atmosphere (atm): Pure O2; 0.2H2O: 0.2O2+0.6N2, 0.4O2+0.4N2, 0.5O2+0.3N2, 0.6O2+0.2N2, 0.8O2+0N2; 0.4H2O: 0.2O2+0.4N2, 0.4O2+0.2N2, 0.5O2+0.1N2, 0.6O2+0N2; 0.5H2O: 0.2O2+0.3N2, 0.4O2+0.1N2, 0.5O2+0N2; 0.6H2O: 0.2O2+0.2N2, 0.4O2+0N2; 0.8H2O: 0.2O2+0N2; Pure H2O. Proposed work plan and methodology Work plan Activity Timeline 1 Proposal writing 2 weeks 2 Training 3 weeks 3 Experiments 5 weeks with 1.5days per week Methodology A type R thermocouple will be inserted through the gas ducting tube with the tip located above the sample. Then the gas ducting tube will be assembled into the sheath and fixed with screws. The samples will be preheated to the target temperature in pure Argon atmosphere, and then a gas mixture of defined composition will be blown into the gas ducting tube. The gas flow rate and composition are controlled by mass flow controllers. Pure Argon will be used for annealing, while feed gas with different composition will be used for gasification experiments. The off-gas composition will be monitored by a gas analyzer. The process will be repeated at temperature changes to different temperatures such as 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100 and 1150o Conclusion Different parameters are able to affect the gasification process. Carbon dioxide and water are some of the critical parameters which are essentials in the gasification of residual carbon in partially gasified char. These changes on temperature are able to change the products which are achieved. Ash is produced and at different situations it leads to different composition. In addition, coal is the main carbon product which will be utilized in this project. Two main types of coal will be utilized and their differences in the product produced will be analyzed. The result will be able to show how changes in the two factors are able to affect the gasification process of carbon. In addition, the char compositions are able to have different composition when the amount of intensified water and carbon dioxide are changed. References Bai, Y.H., Wang, Y.L., Zhu, S.H., Li, F., Xie, K.C., (2014). Structural features and gasification reactivity of coal chars formed in Arand CO2atmospheres at elevated pressures. Energy 74,464470. Deng, J., Luo, Y.H., Zhang, Y.L., Wang, Y., (2012). Investigation into synergy in co-gasification of coal and char of biomass by thermo gravimetric analysis. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 40 (8),943951. Gao, C., Vejahati, F., Katalambula, H., Gupta, R., (2010).Co-gasification of biomass with coal and oil sand coke in a drop tube furnace. Energy Fuels 24 (1), 232240. Hou, W., Zhou, Z.J., Chen, X.L., Dai, Z.H., Yu, G.S., (2014). Study onCO2gasification reactivity and physical characteristic of biomass, petroleum coke and coal chars. Bioresour. Technol.159, 143149. Jeong, H.J., Park, S.S., Hwang, J., (2014). Co-gasification of coalbiomass blended char with CO2 at temperatures of 9001100?C. Fuel 116, 465470. Lahijani, P., Zzinal, Z.A., Mohamed, A.R., Mohammadi, M., (2013).CO2 gasification reactivity of biomass char: catalytic influence of alkaline earth and transition metal salts. Bioresour. Technol. 144, 288295. Malekshahian, M., Hill, J.M., (2011). Effect of pyrolysis and CO2 gasification pressure on the surface area and pore size distribution of petroleum coke. Energy Fuels 25 (11),52505256. Zhou, Z.J., Fan, X.L., Zhang, W., Wang, F.C., Yu, Z.H., (2006). Char gasification kinetics using non-isothermal TGA. J. Chin. Coal Soc. 31 (2), 219222.